DNA microarray chips: Fabrication and cutting-edge applications

For decades, DNA chips, also known as DNA microarrays, have been extensively utilized for high-throughput gene expression analysis and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping. However, its utility extends far beyond these applications. Its use as a chip for Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) has brought about a revolutionary impact on many aspects of life science research. Additionally, DNA microarray chip plays a cutting-edge role in spatial transcriptomics and DNA data storage. Starting from fundamentals for DNA microarray fabrication, this review aims to provide an overview and highlight the major applications that make use of this technology. Furthermore, we delve into the current issues that DNA microarray holds and discuss its potential for future research. We anticipate that this review will offer a fresh perspective on DNA microarray chip and foster its continued advancement.