Advances of polymer functionally gradient materials by additive manufacturing

Polymer functionally gradient materials (PGMs) are heterogeneous polymer-based composites, where their compositions or structures change continuously in one or multi-spatial directions. Traditional methods for preparing PGMs suffer from complexity, customization difficulties, and poor universality. This article introduced the advantages of additive manufacturing(AM) based on the “discrete-stacking” principle and summarized the fundamental principles, material characteristics and properties of PGM formation using AM techniques, including fused deposition molding, direct ink writing, vat photopolymerization, materials jetting and selective laser sintering. Although preparing PGMs using AM posed challenges such as the lack of design criteria, characterization methods and systematic research methods, AM would become an excellent method for PGM preparation with the deepening of basic scientific research on new AM materials and the continuous development of specific applications for service conditions and process performance. © 2023 Chemical Industry Press. All rights reserved.