A large carbon sink induced by the implementation of the largest afforestation program on Earth

Background Three-North Afforestation Program（TNAP） in China is the largest ecological restoration project on Earth（ongoing from 1978 to 2050）, harboring a huge area of newly planted forests, which provides a wealth of goods and ecosystem services that benefit society at levels ranging from region to East Asia. This project-induced carbon（C）sink has been expected to be large, but its size and location remain uncertain.Results In this study, we investigated the changes in the C stocks of biomass, soil C and the C accumulation benefited from the ecological effects in the project areas from 1978 to 2017 within the Three-North regions（4.069 × 106km2）, and evaluated its project-induced C sequestration. Using a combination of remote sensing images, field observations and national forest inventory data, we estimated a total ecosystem sink of 47.06 Tg C per year（1 Tg = 1012 g）increased by the TNAP implementation. Importantly, we first found that the C sink via the ecological effects of this project could contribute to a high proportion up to 15.94%, indicating a critical role of ecological effects in shaping the distribution of C stocks in the protective forests. This finding suggests that it is necessary to explicitly consider carbon sequestration benefited from the ecological effects when estimating C sink and parameterizing C models of the restoration projects in China and globally.Conclusions Our results update the estimates of C pools in the world's largest ecological restoration project area,demonstrating that this project has substantially contributed to mitigating the climate change.