Estimation of winter wheat yield from sentinel-1A time-series images using ensemble deep learning and a Gaussian process

Deep learning methods have been widely used in applications of yield estimation using remote sensing data. However, they still face some challenges in terms of accuracy due to their inability to fully utilize the spatiotemporal information of remote sensing data. In response to this problem, a winter wheat yield estimation method based on ensemble deep learning and Gaussian process (GP) was proposed. First, the long-short term memory (LSTM) network and convolutional neural network (CNN) were constructed to explore deep spatiotemporal features from Sentinel-1A time-series images. Then, a GP component was applied for fusion of intraimage deep spatiotemporal features and inter-sample spatial consistency features. Finally, the yield estimation results were obtained. The experimental results showed that the proposed method had higher accuracy than those compared models, with a coefficient of determination (R-2) of 0.698, a root mean square error (RMSE) of 477.045 kg/ha and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 404.377 kg/ha, demonstrating the application potential of the proposed method in crop yield estimation applications.