Agricultural biomass-based activated carbons for efficient and sustainable supercapacitors

The depletion of fossil fuels and increasing demand for the sustainable energy storage have driven research toward agricultural biomass-based activated carbons as a promising alternative for supercapacitor electrodes. This review explores the perspective of biomass-based activated carbons, highlighting their advantages, such as renewability, low cost, and abundant availability. It also discusses the conversion process of agricultural waste into activated carbons, emphasizing the role of activation methods in tailoring the pore structure and surface chemistry for enhanced electrochemical performance. The key characteristics of activated carbons derived from various agricultural sources and their effects on the specific capacitance and energy/power density are compared and analyzed. Furthermore, this review has addressed the challenges of using agricultural biomass for activated carbon production, including process optimization and environmental considerations. Finally, this review summarizes the future outlook of this field, and current research efforts to develop high-performance, sustainable supercapacitors using agricultural biomass-derived activated carbons.