Metal-based nanowires in electrical biosensing

Harnessing the unique attributes of metal-based nanowires (MNWs), such as their adaptability, high aspect ratio and conductivity, this review elucidates their burgeoning role as a distinct class of nanomaterials poised to revolutionize sensor technologies. We provide an in-depth examination of MNW assembly methods, highlighting procedural details, foundational principles and performance metrics. Manufacturing electrochemical biosensors and field-effect transistor (FET) biosensors by MNWs offers advantages such as enhanced sensitivity, improved signal-to-noise ratios and increased surface area for efficient biomolecule immobilization. MNWs contribute to precise and reliable biosensing platforms, optimizing the performance of these devices for various applications, such as diagnostics and environmental monitoring. Electrochemical biosensors are noted for their speed, cost-effectiveness, ease of use and compatibility with compact instrumentation, offering potential for precise biomarker quantification. Meanwhile, FET biosensors demonstrate the potential for early-stage biomarker identification and pharmaceutical applications with nanoscale materials like MNWs, thereby enhancing their detection capabilities. Additionally, we explore the prospects of integrating machine learning and digital health with MNWs in electrical biosensing, charting an innovative path for future advancements in this field. This advancement is facilitated by their electronic properties, compact design and compatibility with existing technologies. We expect this review to highlight future trends and challenges in the use of MNWs for biosensors.