Measurement and prediction of temperature effects on the thermal conductivity of carbonate sand

Abnormal weather and climate patterns have caused significant temperature fluctuations. These temperature changes can significantly impact the thermal conductivity of carbonate sand (Acar) used in island and reef construction. The thermal conductivity of carbonate sand is crucial for engineering applications. The thermal conductivity of carbonate sand was measured under varying temperature and water content conditions. The results indicate that the thermal conductivity of carbonate sand increases with rising temperature from completely dry conditions to full water saturation. A modified model was proposed to calculate Acar for different temperatures and degrees of saturation (Sr) based on existing literature models. This model successfully captures the variations in Acar with temperature for carbonate sand, effectively illustrating the trend of Acar changes with temperature.