Evaluation of the Association Between Sedentary Time and Low Work Engagement in the Work Environment After COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study of Japanese Workers

Introduction The global shift toward working from home due to the COVID-19 pandemic has led to concerns about increased sedentary behavior and its potential impact on work engagement, a critical factor for employee well-being and organizational productivity. This study aims to explore the association between sedentary time and work engagement among workers in Japan in the post-pandemic work environment. Methods This cross-sectional analysis utilized data from the Japan COVID-19 and Society Internet Survey (JACSIS), conducted from September to November 2023, after the COVID-19 pandemic period. Participants included employed individuals over 18 years, excluding those in domestic occupations. Sedentary time and work engagement were self-reported and categorized. Logistic regression analysis adjusted for confounders such as socioeconomic status, work characteristics, and mental and physical health was employed to explore this association. Results The study found a significant association between longer sedentary time and lower levels of work engagement. In particular, for desk workers, longer sedentary time was associated with lower work engagement (sedentary time, compared to the reference category "<4 hours/day", 4 to <8 h: OR 1.42, 95% CI: 1.25-1.60; 8 to <12 h: OR 1.77, 95% CI: 1.55-2.01; >= 12 h or unknown: OR 2.14, 95% CI: 1.80-2.51, respectively). Sensitivity analysis confirmed that these results are robust to different definitions of work engagement. Furthermore, analyses in subgroups of desk workers classified according to specific characteristics suggested that desk workers who are full-time workers in non-managerial positions and work from home >= 4 days per week were more strongly associated with prolonged sedentary behavior and low work engagement (in the group of full-time workers who were non-managers, sedentary time, compared to the reference category "<4 hours/day", 4 to <8 h: OR 2.14, 95% CI: 1.52-3.00; 8 to <12 h: OR 2.10, 95% CI: 1.46-3.00; >= 12 h or unknown: OR 3.32, 95% CI: 1.99-6.05; in those with work-from-home frequency of >= 4 days weekly, sedentary time, compared to the reference category "<4 hours/day", 4 to <8 h: OR 1.46, 95% CI: 0.99-2.16; 8 to <12 h: OR 1.73, 95% CI: 1.19-2.56; >= 12 h or unknown: OR 2.41, 95% CI: 1.58-3.67). Conclusions This study revealed a significant association between sedentary time and low work engagement among workers in Japan after the COVID-19 pandemic. In the future, prospective studies are needed to confirm the causal associations between the two, using more validated measures of sedentary behavior.