Shiny quantum dots: synthesis, properties, and electroluminescent light-emitting diodes

Quantum dots (QDs) are widely used in optoelectronics owing to their fascinating luminescent properties, high stability, and structural characteristics, especially in electroluminescent light-emitting diodes (EL-LEDs). In this review, we introduce the structures, fabrication methods, and optical properties of QDs, including traditional QDs (TQDs), perovskite QDs (PQDs), and carbon dots (CDs). In addition, an overview of recent research and development of QDs used in EL-LEDs is provided. The performance enhancement of EL-LEDs via the synthesis of precisely controlled TQDs and PQDs, ligand engineering, and device architecture optimization as well as possible solutions for CDs used as emissive layer materials in LEDs are also discussed. Finally, we reflect on the challenges and opportunities of current QD research. We provide an overview of recent advances in the structure, preparation, and optical properties of various quantum dots (QDs), and discuss strategies for improving electroluminescence performance in response to current challenges in QD research.