Single-Cell Profiling Indicates a Proinflammatory Role of Meningeal Ectopic Lymphoid Tissue in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Background and ObjectivesThe factors that drive progression in multiple sclerosis (MS) remain obscure. Identification of key properties of meningeal inflammation will contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms of progression and how to prevent it.MethodsApplying single-cell RNA sequencing, we compared gene expression profiles in immune cells from meningeal ectopic lymphoid tissue (mELT) with those from secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) in spontaneous chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS.ResultsGenerally, mELT contained the same immune cell types as SLOs, suggesting a close relationship. Preponderance of B cells over T cells, an increase in regulatory T cells and granulocytes, and a decrease in na & iuml;ve CD4+ T cells characterize mELT compared with SLOs. Differential gene expression analysis revealed that immune cells in mELT show a more activated and proinflammatory phenotype compared with their counterparts in SLOs. However, the increase in regulatory T cells and upregulation of immunosuppressive genes in most immune cell types indicate that there are mechanisms in place to counter-regulate the inflammatory events, keeping the immune response emanating from mELT in check.DiscussionCommon features in immune cell composition and gene expression indicate that mELT resembles SLOs and may be regarded as a tertiary lymphoid tissue. Distinct differences in expression profiles suggest that mELT rather than SLOs is a key driver of CNS inflammation in spontaneous EAE. Our data provide a starting point for further exploration of molecules or pathways that could be targeted to disrupt mELT formation.