Femoral Head Avascular Necrosis Due to Brucella Infection: A Case Report

Brucellosis remains a widespread disease in endemic regions worldwide and is not adequately controlled. It is a common zoonotic disease worldwide, a systemic infection, and a major health problem in endemic countries. Femoral head avascular necrosis (FHAVN) as a consequence of brucellosis is exceedingly unusual and has seldom been recorded. The case reports a 21-year-old female patient was hospitalized due to severe pain in both lower limbs, particularly in the anterior portion of the hip joint, accompanied by a low-grade fever persisting for six months. Movement of the right hip was painful, and the patient limped at the beginning of walking after a few steps. Rheumatoid factor and antinuclear antibody test results were negative. The right hip joint was aspirated, and a small quantity of fluid was sent for Gram staining and culture. Synovial joint fluid culture confirmed Brucella abortus infection after four weeks. The source of infection in the present case was the consumption of raw milk. Based on laboratory tests and radiographic images, FHAVN was diagnosed. Owing to misdiagnosis, she had not received standard treatment for brucellosis in the previous months. The patient was diagnosed early, and she was in the third stage. After the patient received medical treatment, the left and right hip joints partly recovered. The right hip joint required replacement; however, the patient refused. Attending physicians should consider brucellosis as an alternative to arthritis for hip joint pain in Brucella-endemic locations. Medication-based therapy may be effective for early avascular necrosis, emphasizing the need for early diagnosis and treatment.