Milk-derived exosomes in the regulation of nutritional and immune functions

Milk-derived exosomes (MDEs), being a component of milk, have the potential to support immune system maturation in offspring and enhance immune cell proliferation. Through the transport and transmission of essential signaling molecules, MDEs contribute to the regulation of intergenerational and intraspecies communication, thereby impacting nutrient uptake and metabolic functions. A comprehensive comprehension of MDE functionalities is imperative for enhancing the quality of the dairy industry. A systematic search of the databases PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus utilizing predetermined keywords resulted in the identification of 418 articles, of which 67 were chosen for inclusion in this review, which specifically explores the intersection of immune response and nutrition. This article provides a critical analysis of the classification of extracellular vesicles, the mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis of microvesicular dietary exosomes (MDEs), the components of MDEs, and their relevance in the contexts of nutrition and immune modulation. The primary aim of this review was to offer valuable scholarly insights to support the advancement and practical application of MDEs. Milk-derived exosomes (MDEs), which are diminutive vesicular entities harboring diverse bioactive constituents, have been demonstrated to exert a significant influence on nutrition and immune function regulation. The constituents of MDEs possess the ability to suppress inflammatory responses, fortify the integrity of the intestinal barrier, mitigate intestinal harm, and exhibit promising prospects for the prevention and treatment of intestinal disorders. Furthermore, they may augment immune functionality through the modulation of immune cell behavior and intercellular communication. Collectively, MDEs represent biologically active agents with the potential to regulate nutrition and immune responses, thereby offering a means to enhance human well-being and avert ailments.image