Sorting signed permutations by tandem duplication random loss and inverse tandem duplication random loss

Tandem duplication random loss (TDRL) and inverse tandem duplication random loss (iTDRL) are mechanisms of mitochondrial genome rearrangement that can be modeled as simple operations on signed permutations. Informally, they comprise the duplication of a subsequence of a permutation, where in the case of iTDRL the copy is inserted with inverted order and signs. In the second step, one copy of each duplicate element is removed, such that the result is again a signed permutation. The TDRL/iTDRL sorting problem consists in finding the minimal number of TDRL or iTDRL operations necessary to convert the identity permutation iota into a given permutation pi. We introduce a simple signature, called the misc-encoding, of permutation pi. This construction is used to design an O(n ( n log n ) algorithm to solve the TDRL/iTDRL sorting problem. (c) 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons .org /licenses /by -nc -nd /4 .0/).