Nanofibers prepared from synthetic polymers and biopolymers as advanced extraction materials for sample preparation prior to liquid chromatography

Since the beginning of this millennium, there has been an increasing interest in nanofiber-based sorbents for extraction due to their accessibility, scalability, ease of handling, high surface area, variety of chemistries available, and applications in miniaturized methods. Organic and inorganic materials have been converted into nanofibers using various techniques to obtain sorbents for use in analytical chemistry, such as sensors, filter membranes, sorptive phases, and extraction media. Polymer nanofibers are mainly prepared by electrospinning of polystyrene, polyamides, and polyacrylonitrile. In contrast, this review aims to survey other polymers, including biopolymers and biodegradable polymers. In addition, the possibilities of innovative alternative fabrication techniques leading to fiber materials with unique mechanical properties are described. We also focus on unexplored extraction formats using polymer nanofibers. Examples of recent applications benefiting from desorption with minimal solvent volume and on-line hyphenation to chromatographic methods are reported. Finally, the future prospects of these nanosorbents are discussed.