In this Methods Showcase Article, we illustrate mixed-effects modeling with a multinomial dependent variable as a means of explaining complexities in language. We model data on future-time reference in second language Spanish, which consists of a nominal dependent variable that has three levels, measured over 73 participants. We offer step-by-step procedures for multinomial logistic regression with fixed and random effects, and we discuss the interpretation of the model and its advantages and limitations. A one-page Accessible Summary of this article in nontechnical language is freely available in the Supporting Information online and at .
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Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Linguist, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
UC Santa Barbara, Justus Liebig Univ Giessen, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USAUniv Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Linguist, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
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Kyungpook Natl Univ, Dept Stat, Taegu 702701, South KoreaKyungpook Natl Univ, Dept Stat, Taegu 702701, South Korea
Lee, Kyeong Eun
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Kim, Yongku
Xu, Ronghui
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Univ Calif San Diego, Div Biostat & Bioinformat, Dept Family & Prevent Med, San Diego, CA 92103 USA
Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Math, San Diego, CA 92103 USAKyungpook Natl Univ, Dept Stat, Taegu 702701, South Korea
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SGGW Warszawie, Samodzielna Pracownia Dendrometrii & Nauki Prod L, Ul Nowoursynowska 159, PL-02776 Warsaw, PolandSGGW Warszawie, Samodzielna Pracownia Dendrometrii & Nauki Prod L, Ul Nowoursynowska 159, PL-02776 Warsaw, Poland