Detection and Multi-Class Classification of Invasive Knotweeds with Drones and Deep Learning Models

Invasive knotweeds are rhizomatous and herbaceous perennial plants that pose significant ecological threats due to their aggressive growth and ability to outcompete native plants. Although detecting and identifying knotweeds is crucial for effective management, current ground-based survey methods are labor-intensive and limited to cover large and hard-to-access areas. This study was conducted to determine the optimum flight height of drones for aerial detection of knotweeds at different phenological stages and to develop automated detection of knotweeds on aerial images using the state-of-the-art Swin Transformer. The results of this study found that, at the vegetative stage, Japanese knotweed and giant knotweed were detectable at <= 35 m and <= 25 m, respectively, above the canopy using an RGB sensor. The flowers of the knotweeds were detectable at <= 20 m. Thermal and multispectral sensors were not able to detect any knotweed species. Swin Transformer achieved higher precision, recall, and accuracy in knotweed detection on aerial images acquired with drones and RGB sensors than conventional convolutional neural networks (CNNs). This study demonstrated the use of drones, sensors, and deep learning in revolutionizing invasive knotweed detection.