Investigations on Target Strength Estimation Methods: A Case Study of Chub Mackerel (Scomber japonicus) in the Northwest Pacific Ocean

Target strength (TS) is an acoustic property of individual marine organisms and a critical factor in acoustic resource assessments. However, previous studies have primarily focused on measuring TS at narrowband, typical frequencies, which cannot meet the requirements of broadband acoustic technology research. Additionally, for marine fish, conducting in situ TS measurements is challenging due to environmental constraints. Rapidly freezing and preserving fish samples for transfer to the laboratory is a common method currently used. However, the impact of freezing preservation during transportation on the swimbladder morphology and TS of swimbladder-bearing fish remains unclear. This study investigated the differences in swimbladder morphology and TS of Chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) before and after freezing. Then, we compared different TS measurement methods through ex situ TS measurements (45-90 kHz, 160-260 kHz) and the Kirchhoff-ray mode model (KRM) simulations (1-300 kHz) and studied the broadband scattering characteristics of Chub mackerel based on the KRM model. The results showed that the morphology of the swimbladder was reduced after freezing, with significant changes in swimbladder height and volume. However, the trends of TS were not consistent and the changes were small. The difference between the KRM model and ex situ measurements was -0.38 +/- 1.84 dB, indicating good applicability of the KRM. Based on the KRM results, the TS exhibited significant directivity, with fluctuations gradually decreasing and stabilizing as frequency increased. In the broadband mode, the relationship between TS and body length (L) of Chub mackerel was TS = 20log(L) - 66.76 (30 > L/lambda >10). This study could provide a reference for acoustic resource estimation and species identification of Chub mackerel in the Northwest Pacific Ocean.