Creating a renewable energy-powered energy system: Extreme scenarios and novel solutions for large-scale renewable power integration

The large-scale integration of renewable power sources, such as wind and solar, is pivotal in achieving climate change mitigation goals and reducing dependency on fossil fuels within energy systems. This manuscript explores the integration of substantial wind and solar power capacities into Luxembourg's energy framework, addressing challenges like variability, intermittency, and curtailment. It delves into scenarios that include power-to-heat (P2H) and vertical farming (VF) technologies to improve system flexibility and promote the incorporation of renewable energy. Utilising a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) algorithm, an energy balance model with hourly resolution optimises the system. This algorithm guides the operation of individual plants, ensuring optimal performance based on a variety of criteria. Notable findings underscore the significant influence of an appropriate mix of renewable power resources, indicating a potential increase in renewable power consumption by up to 50% within the system. Furthermore, curtailment management solutions are shown to enhance renewable power integration by as much as 30%, highlighting the importance of strategic, system-wide approaches. Additionally, vertical farming emerges as a promising avenue for significantly augmenting the utilisation of surplus solar power, potentially by up to 100%. While the integration of large-scale renewable power is demonstrably viable, it necessitates a meticulously crafted strategy that considers technological innovations and strategic planning.