Techno-economic impact analysis for renewable energy-based hydrogen storage integrated grid electric vehicle charging stations in different potential locations of Malaysia

This study investigates the techno-economic impacts analysis of renewable energy-based hybrid energy storage system integrated grid electric vehicles charging station (EVCS) in Malaysia. Focusing on three potential locations namely Pulau Pinang, Johor Bharu and Kuala Terengganu, the research aims to address the increasing electricity demand from the expanding electric vehicle (EV) infrastructure while mitigating grid instability issues caused by sudden load surges, increased electrical losses, and overload of high voltage devices that leads to power quality issues. Using the HOMER Pro platform, the study models and optimises an EVCS configuration- based hybrid energy storage system that incorporates renewable energy sources (RES) such as photovoltaic (PV), wind turbines (WT), lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, hydrogen (H2) 2 ) tank, fuel cell (FC) and electrolysers considering various geographical and meteorological conditions. The hybrid energy storage configuration offers a long-term energy storage solution, surpassing current batteries' capabilities while providing a stable electricity supply for a sustainable EVCS system. The results demonstrated favourable outcomes, with the total Net Present Cost (NPC) ranging from $1.4 million to $3.4 million across all locations, and the Cost of Energy (COE) ranging from $0.03/kWh to $0.16/kWh. These findings suggest that the optimization methodology is adaptable for implementation in diverse locations with different meteorological conditions. This innovation is beneficial for developing renewable-based EVCS infrastructures, which can support economic growth in Malaysia. In addition, the study emphasizes the necessity of advanced control algorithms to manage power quality issues during peak demand and suggests future field trials to validate the system's real-world performance. Additionally, the optimized EVCS-based hybrid energy storage system contributes to reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) 2 ) emissions, promoting a cleaner environment and an eco-friendly energy ecosystem.