South America is becoming warmer, drier, and more flammable

South America is experiencing severe impacts from climate change. Although the warming of the subcontinent closely follows the global path, the rise of temperatures has been more pronounced in some regions, which have also seen a parallel increment in the occurrence of droughts and weather conditions associated with enhanced fire risk. Here, we use reanalysis datasets to analyze the progression of the concurring warm, dry, and high fire risk conditions (i.e., dry compounds) since 1971. We show that the frequency of these compound extremes has surged in key South American regions including the northern Amazon, which have seen a 3-fold increase in the number of days per year with extreme fire weather conditions (including high temperatures, dryness, and low humidity). Our results also suggest that the surface temperature of the tropical Pacific Ocean modulates the interannual variability of dry compounds in South America. While El Ni & ntilde;o enhances the fire risk in the northern Amazon, dry extremes in the Gran Chaco region appear to be more responsive to La Ni & ntilde;a. Concurring warm and dry conditions with high fire risk in South America have become more frequent since 1971, with a three-fold increase in high-fire-risk days per year in northern Amazonia, according to an assessment of reanalysis data.