Flexible temperature and humidity sensors of plants for precision agriculture: Current challenges and future roadmap

Flexible temperature and humidity sensors that can be used to observe accurate and concurrent variations in the temperature and humidity of the microclimate of plants have a promising role in precision agriculture. These flexible sensors can provide promising information for optimizing crop growth environment and fight against abiotic stresses, enhancing crop yields. Herein, we summarize the importance and recent advances in flexible temperature and humidity sensors of plants for precision agriculture applications. We highlighted the architecture, working principle, sensing mechanism, and fabrication materials of plant sensors. Key temperature and humidity sensing pathways in plants to respond to abiotic stresses at the molecular level are reviewed. Temperature and humidity sensors' major applications in intelligent and precision agriculture, current challenges, and future prospects are also discussed. Lastly, the research direction for next-generation intelligent plant sensors is briefly described. This review article will provide direction and intuition to scientists to further research in flexible plant sensors to address the current challenges in smart and precision agriculture.