Autophagy, a double-edged sword for oral tissue regeneration

Background: Oral health is of fundamental importance to maintain systemic health in humans. Stem cell based oral tissue regeneration isa promising strategy to achieve the recovery of impaired oral tissue. As highly conserved process of lysosomal degradation, autophagy induction regulates stem cell function physiologically and pathologically. Autophagy activation can serve as a cytoprotective mechanism in stressful environments, while insufficient or over-activation may also lead to cell function dysregulation and cell death. Aim of review: This review focuses on the effects of autophagy on stem cell function and oral tissue regeneration, with particular emphasis on diverse roles of autophagy in different oral tissues, including periodontal tissue, bone tissue, dentin pulp tissue, oral mucosa, salivary gland, maxillofacial muscle, temporomandibular joint, etc. Additionally, this review introduces the molecular mechanisms involved in autophagy during the regeneration of different parts of oral tissue, and how autophagy can be regulated by small molecule drugs, biomaterials, exosomes/RNAs or other specific treatments. Finally, this review discusses new perspectives for autophagy manipulation and oral tissue regeneration. Key scientific concepts of review: Overall, this review emphasizes the contribution of autophagy to oral tis- sue regeneration and highlights the possible approaches for regulating autophagy to promote the regen- eration of human oral tissue. (c) 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Cairo University. This is an open access article under the CC BY -NC -ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).