Lossless Database Watermarking Based on Order-preserving Encryption

With the development of information technology and the popularity of Internet applications, the database outsourcing service is gaining popularity. However, since the database services provided by third parties are not completely trusted, the outsourced database model has to face a series of security issues such as privacy leakage, data theft, malicious tampering, and so forth. To both provide privacy protection and copyright tracking, this paper proposes a lossless database watermarking method based on order-preserving encryption. In the proposed method, the data owner encrypts the original data using order-preserving encryption algorithms. The outsourced database administrator then embeds the watermark bits by modifying the parities of the cover encrypted attribute values. At the database client, the database user extracts the embedded watermark bits based on the majority voting mechanism. The original database is recovered by directly decrypting the marked encrypted database. The experimental results and analysis show that the proposed method has the advantages of lossless, strong robustness, high embedding rate, no auxiliary message and low computational complexity.