Long-Term Outcomes of Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury Following Inpatient Rehabilitation

Objective:Assess residual disability in youth with traumatic brain injury (TBI) treated in a pediatric inpatient rehabilitation unit and examine associations of disability with inpatient status and measures of concurrent functioning.Setting:Large, urban, quaternary care children's hospital in the Midwestern United States.Participants:Forty-five youth aged 6 to 18 years treated in an inpatient rehabilitation unit for mild-complicated to severe TBI at a minimum of 12 months postdischarge (mean = 3.5 years).Design:Retrospective chart review of clinical data collected from standard clinical care at admission and discharge combined with follow-up data examining current functioning at the time of study enrollment.Main Outcome Measures:Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended, Pediatric Revision (GOS-E Peds), Neurology Quality of Life Measurement System Short Form (NeuroQOL) Social Interaction with Peers and Cognitive Short Forms, Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Global Health Scale, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, 2nd Edition (BRIEF-2).Results:Based on parent report at follow-up, 62% of the children had residual TBI-related disabilities on the GOS-E Peds, while 38% reported "good recovery." Children with residual disability also reported more long-term problems in overall health, social relationships, emotional regulation, behaviors, and executive functioning than those with no residual disability. Measures of functional independence and cognitive recovery at discharge were associated with these impairments.Conclusions:More than half of the children with TBI in this study had residual disability more than 1 year after inpatient rehabilitation. Findings highlight the associations between measures of functional independence and cognitive recovery during inpatient rehabilitation with later outcomes and underscore the need for continued services to support the needs of children with TBI following their inpatient rehabilitation stay.