Unlocking ovarian cancer heterogeneity: advancing immunotherapy through single-cell transcriptomics

Ovarian cancer, a highly fatal gynecological cancer, warrants the need for understanding its heterogeneity. The disease's prevalence and impact are underscored with statistics on mortality rates. Ovarian cancer is categorized into distinct morphological groups, each with its characteristics and prognosis. Despite standard treatments, survival rates remain low due to relapses and chemoresistance. Immune system involvement is evident in ovarian cancer's progression, although the tumor employs immune evasion mechanisms. Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint blockade therapy, is promising, but ovarian cancer's heterogeneity limits its efficacy. Single-cell sequencing technology could be explored as a solution to dissect the heterogeneity within tumor-associated immune cell populations and tumor microenvironments. This cutting-edge technology has the potential to enhance diagnosis, prognosis, and personalized immunotherapy in ovarian cancer, reflecting its broader application in cancer research. The present review focuses on recent advancements and the challenges in applying single-cell transcriptomics to ovarian cancer.