Arctic summer precipitation variability and its association with Indian summer monsoon anomalies

In recent years, there has been an increased focus on changes in Arctic precipitation, however, dominant characteristics of Arctic summer precipitation variability and their relationship to atmospheric circulation anomalies in the mid-low latitudes remain debatable. Spatially, the leading mode of Arctic summer precipitation variability is positive in most regions of the Arctic, corresponding to a cold anomaly in the middle and lower troposphere of the Arctic. As the temperature gradient between the Arctic and high latitudes increases, the zonal westerlies over the Arctic enhanced and lead to increased local baroclinicity and moisture convergence over the Arctic. This creats favorable conditions for increased summer precipitation. Additionally, it is found that there is a robust correlation between the first mode of Arctic summer precipitation and the Indian summer monsoon. Specifically, the positive Arctic summer precipitation anomaly is accompanied by a systematic northward shift of the zonal westerlies in the mid-latitude. The northward shift of the Asian westerly jet stream is associated with the intensified tropical easterly jet in the upper-troposphere and low-stratosphere, resulting in the strengthening of the monsoon circulation over the Indian Peninsula and then facilitating the precipitation anomaly over India. Numerical experiments reproduce the major features of the observed Arctic-Indian summer monsoon association, implying that Arctic summer precipitation variability is dynamically linked to tropical atmospheric circulation anomalies.