A comprehensive review of human body model in different crash scenarios: active and passive models

The use of active human body models (AHBM) is crucial for ensuring safety in autonomous vehicles, especially during critical manoeuvres, and deserves close consideration. Researchers have implemented various methods, anatomical references, and simulation environments to analyse, develop, and advance AHBM, resulting in the creation of multiple pathways for modelling. This review article focuses on comparing the multibody (MB) system and finite element method (FEM) modelling approaches, along with their respective models, including THUMS, VIVA+, GHBMC, Madymo, and OpenSim. Additionally, it addresses an inseparable aspect of AHBM, namely the control system governing the stability and behaviour of muscles and joints. The main aim of this review article is to evaluate different passive human body models and AHBM, with the primary objective being to assess the performance of various models when utilised in virtual testing processes and future research endeavours.