A Hybrid Deep Spatiotemporal Attention-Based Model for Parkinson's Disease Diagnosis Using Resting State EEG Signals

Parkinson's disease (PD), a severe and progressive neurological illness, affects millions of individuals worldwide. For effective treatment and management of PD, an accurate and early diagnosis is crucial. This study presents a deep learning-based model for the diagnosis of PD using a resting state electroencephalogram (EEG) signal. The objective of the study is to develop an automated model that can extract complex hidden nonlinear features from EEG and demonstrate its generalizability on unseen data. The model is designed using a hybrid model, consisting of a convolutional neural network (CNN), bidirectional gated recurrent unit (Bi-GRU), and attention mechanism. The proposed method is evaluated on three public datasets (UC San Diego, PRED-CT, and University of Iowa [UI] dataset), with one dataset used for training and the other two for evaluation. The proposed model demonstrated remarkable performance, attaining high accuracy scores of 99.4%, 84%, and 73.2% using UC San Diego, PRED-CT, and UI datasets, respectively. These results justify the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed model across diverse datasets, highlighting its potential for versatile applications in data analysis and prediction tasks. Our proposed hybrid spatiotemporal attention-based model has been developed with 10-fold cross-validation (CV) for UC San Diego dataset and 10-fold CV and leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) strategies for PRED-CT and UI datasets. Our results indicate that the proposed PD detection system is accurate and robust. The developed prototype can be used for other neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and so forth.