The current use of proteomics and metabolomics in glomerulonephritis: a systematic literature review

Background Glomerulonephritis inherently leads to the development of chronic kidney disease. It is the second most common diagnosis in patients requiring renal replacement therapy in the United Kingdom. Metabolomics and proteomics can characterise, identify and quantify an individual's protein and metabolite make-up. These techniques have been optimised and can be performed on samples including kidney tissue, blood and urine. Utilising omic techniques in nephrology can uncover disease pathophysiology and transform the diagnostics and treatment options for glomerulonephritis.Objectives To evaluate the utility of metabolomics and proteomics using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance in glomerulonephritis.Methods The systematic review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023442092). Standard and extensive Cochrane search methods were used. The latest search date was March 2023. Participants were of any age with a histological diagnosis of glomerulonephritis. Descriptive analysis was performed, and data presented in tabular form. An area under the curve or p-value was presented for potential biomarkers discovered.Results Twenty-seven studies were included (metabolomics (n = 9)), and (proteomics (n = 18)) with 1818 participants. The samples analysed were urine (n = 19) blood (n = 4) and biopsy (n = 6). The typical outcome themes were potential biomarkers, disease phenotype, risk of progression and treatment response.Conclusion This review shows the potential of metabolomic and proteomic analysis to discover new disease biomarkers that may influence diagnostics and disease management. Further larger-scale research is required to establish the validity of the study outcomes, including the several proposed biomarkers.