Inverse identification of thermal behaviour of a paraffin-based phase change material in complete and partial phase change cycles

From the macroscopic point of view, phase change hysteresis (PCH) means that a phase change process (e.g. solidification) does not follow the same temperature -enthalpy path as the opposite phase change process (melting). Although the PCH is observed in most phase change materials (PCMs), it is often neglected in computational models, resulting in discrepancies when compared to experimental data. The PCH can particularly be an issue in the modelling of latent heat thermal energy storage systems, where incomplete (partial) phase transitions are quite common. Lab -scale experimental methods for characterisation of PCMs, such as differential scanning calorimetry or the temperature -history method, employ only small PCM samples, and the obtained results are often insufficient for predicting the thermal behaviour of large volumes of PCMs. The present study explores numerical modelling approaches to the PCH, addressing both complete and partial melting -to -solidification cycles. A set of validation experiments was performed, focusing on phase transitions in a paraffin -based PCM enclosed in a rectangular cavity. An inverse identification method was used to minimise the root mean square error (RMSE) of temperatures in the PCM using the particle swarm optimisation method. A two -curve approach showed the highest accuracy in complete phase change cycles, with a 62% improvement in the RMSE when compared to the manufacturer data. As for cycles with partial phase changes, a curve -scale approach showed superior behaviour, reducing the RMSE as much as 99%. Conversely, another investigated approach - a curve -track model - exhibited inferior performance, making it less suitable for the modelling of partial phase changes.