Direct numerical simulation of three-dimensional particle-laden thermal convection using the Lattice Boltzmann Method

In thermal multiphase flows, the modulation in the heat transfer rate due to the presence of finite-size solid particles attract growing interest in recent years. This study focuses on developing a robust and efficient simulation method for particle-laden Rayleigh-B & eacute;nard convection. The present work utilizes the double distribution function-based thermal lattice-Boltzmann method (TLBM), which enables successful simulations of multiphase fluid-thermal interactions. The no -slip boundary of the moving solid particles is handled by the interpolated bounce-back scheme. Additionally, Galilean invariant momentum exchange and heat exchange approaches are employed for hydrodynamic force and heat transfer calculation at the solid boundaries. The accuracy of the current method is verified with several benchmark cases, including three-dimensional single-phase Rayleigh-B & eacute;nard convection, as well as the settling of hot and cold spherical particles in a threedimensional enclosure. Furthermore, we explore the modulation of Rayleigh-B & eacute;nard flows due to the presence of freely moving finite-size particles. The simulations are conducted on a distributed memory cluster with a 3D domain decomposition technique facilitated by the MPI library. A brief discussion on the parallel performance of the simulations is provided for both particle-laden and single-phase flow scenarios. Finally, the effects of finite-size solid particles on the overall heat transfer efficiency and modulation to the flow field in threedimensional particle-laden turbulent Rayleigh-B & eacute;nard convection are discussed. The results show that addition of solid particles results in a moderate increase in the overall Nusselt number, and this enhancement is mainly due to the increased heat flux transported by the particles.