Soil macrofauna diversity and biomass associated with the "fertility islands" beneath oak trees in a semi-arid woodland

Fertility islands are patches of soil beneath the trees and shrub's canopy and contain higher nutrient availability and water content than the surrounding areas in arid and semi -arid lands. Fertility islands are home to various soil organisms that play a crucial role in nutrient cycling. This study aimed to determine the influence of fertility islands beneath the coppiced oak trees on soil macrofauna diversity and biomass in semi -arid oak woodland. For this purpose, two main microhabitats, including beneath the patches of oak sprout -clumps (BPSC) and the interspaces (SBSC), were considered. Each microhabitat was divided into four classes with respect to the number of sprouts per sprout -clumps ( N = 1-3, N = 3-10, N = 10-20, and N > 20) and distance gradient from the canopy (D = 0 m, D = 1-3 m, D = 3-5 m, and D > 5 m). Soil physical and chemical properties, soil macrofauna taxonomic group diversity, and biomass were measured for each microhabitat class. Most of the soil's physical and chemical properties, such as soil litter, soil organic carbon (SOC), available phosphorus (P), moisture content, and electrical conductivity (EC), were higher in BPSC than in SBSC. These properties were influenced by the structure (number of sprouts) of oak sprout -clumps and the distance gradient from the canopy. Soil macrofauna individuals (density), biomass, and diversity were higher in BPSC than in SBSC. A significant difference in soil macrofauna groups composition was found only at the canopy edge and was not affected by increasing distance from the canopy. The soil macrofauna diversity was positively correlated with soil moisture, SOC, and P. It was concluded that the sprout -clumps' structure influences the quality of fertility islands beneath the oak sproutclumps and consequently dictates the variation of soil macrofauna composition and biomass.