Optimization scheduling for low-carbon operation of building integrated energy systems considering source-load uncertainty and user comfort

Hydrogen, being a clean energy source, presents novel possibilities for the efficient exploitation of building energy. Nevertheless, the unpredictability in the production of renewable energy, the fluctuating demand from users, and the varying comfort needs within buildings provide substantial obstacles to the functioning of building energy systems. This work suggests an optimal technique for managing a comprehensive energy system based on hydrogen. The strategy takes into account the variability in energy sources and the need for user satisfaction. Firstly, a model of building integrated energy system (BIES) is created, which includes devices for utilizing hydrogen due to its adaptable qualities. Afterwards, the adaptable attributes of electrical, cooling, and heating loads within the building are carefully examined, resulting in the creation of a integrated demand response (IDR) model and a user-integrated comfort rating model. Moreover, a ladder-type carbon tax framework is implemented, employing robust optimization methods to tackle uncertainty in the production of renewable energy and demand. Finally, a model for optimizing the scheduling of energy system operation is formulated. A case analysis is performed utilizing a spacious office building located in the northern region as an instructive example. The findings indicate that the suggested approaches successfully control user involvement in demand response, decrease carbon emissions in the system, improve user energy comfort, and accomplish the economic, low-carbon, and comfortable functioning of BIES.