Unveiling the recent advances in micro-electrode materials and configurations for sodium-ion micro-batteries

The recent advances in portable and smart devices require modern microelectronics to be miniaturized, leading to the need for small, lightweight, reliable, and on-chip integrated energy storage systems like rechargeable micro-batteries (mu Bs). Nowadays, sodium-ion micro-batteries (SI mu Bs) are one of the competitive applicants and attractive candidates due to their superior performance compared to lithium alternatives in terms of cost, resources, safety, and high power. Despite these advantages, SI mu Bs can increase their energy density by selecting proper micro-electrodes (mu Es). This review covers the latest developments in the state-of-the-art of electrode materials and one-, two-, and three-dimensional configurations for high-performance SI mu Bs in different applications. In particular, the focus is on selecting electrode materials based on electrodes' sodium storage mechanisms and safety issues that effectively improve SI mu Bs performance and future challenges. Opportunities in this area are also discussed. Subsequently, recent achievements of different configurations technology of mu Es associated with the various active materials and manufacturing methods of them are explained to achieve high energy density SI mu Bs. Ultimately, the potential future of advanced SI mu Bs based on the current progress establishes practical pathways for research and industry. The recent advances in portable and smart devices require modern microelectronics to be miniaturized, leading to the need for small, lightweight, reliable, and on-chip integrated energy storage systems like rechargeable micro-batteries (mu Bs).