Nanopores in 2D materials and their applications in single molecule analysis

Solid-state nanopore devices have emerged as promising tools for single-molecule analysis by measuring the temporal fluctuations in ionic current as molecules pass through the nanopores. In recent years, nanopores in two-dimensional materials (designated as 2D) offer the potential for high spatial resolution in DNA sequencing due to their sub-nanometer thickness. This review provides an overview of 2D nanopores based on different 2D materials, such as graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), tungsten disulfide (WS2), 2 ), titanium carbide (MXene), metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and covalent-organic frameworks (COFs). We also analyze the fabrication methods, advantages and disadvantages of these nanopores, and discuss the challenges in their applications, including rapid DNA translocation speed, low signal-to-noise ratio, and DNA fluctuations. Furthermore, the potential and challenges of ultra-thin COFs nanopores in DNA and protein sequencing are highlighted.