Integrating network pharmacology with experimental validation to investigate the mechanism of Wuwei Zishen formula in improving perimenopausal syndrome

Objectives: To investigate the role of the Wuwei Zishen formula (WWZSF) in treating and preventing perimenopausal syndrome (PMS) and to understand its mechanism. Methods: Network pharmacology and molecular docking was used to predict active compounds, potential targets, and pathways for PMS treatment using WWZSF. Female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were induced with D -galactose (D -gal) to establish a PMS model and treated with Kunbao pill (KBP) and WWZSF. Estrus cycles were observed using vaginal smears. Serum sex hormones were measured using the enzyme -linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Histological changes in the uterus and ovaries were evaluated using hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE). Western blot was used to assess the protein expression levels of Cleaved Caspase-3, p62, BAX/Bcl-2, p-PI3K/PI3K, p-AKT/AKT, and p-mTOR/mTOR in the uterus and ovaries. Results: A total of 70 active compounds and 440 potential targets were screened out. Important targets and pathways, including AKT1, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, mTOR, and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways, and molecular docking verified their high affinities to key WWZSF components. In vivo experiments showed that WWZSF can ameliorate the morphological abnormalities of the uterus and ovaries, increase sex hormone levels and organ index, and restore the estrus cycles in PMS rats. Moreover, the western blot results showed decreased Cleaved Caspase-3 and BAX/Bcl-2 protein levels in the ovarian and uterine tissues after WWZSF therapy. Concurrently, there was an increase in the expression of p62 and the ratios of p-AKT/AKT, p-mTOR/mTOR, and p-PI3K/PI3K. Conclusion: The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway -mediated apoptosis and autophagy pathways may be how WWZSF efficiently reduces PMS.