Biomaterials in heterotopic ossification: Prophylaxis and promotion

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is an abnormal bone formation within non-skeletal tissues, impairing daily functionality and significantly diminishing patient quality of life. This condition presents serious clinical challenges, not only due to its impact on mobility and pain but also due to the complexities involved in its management and treatment. Interestingly, the phenomenon of ectopic bone formation, central to HO, also offers a unique avenue in tissue engineering for the constructive repair of complex bone defects. The exploration of biomaterials in this context reveals a dual potential: they can inhibit unwanted bone growth in HO and strategically direct bone formation to heal skeletal injuries. This review systematically summarizes the applications of biomaterials in preventing HO and promoting ectopic ossification to repair bone defects. It also looks forward to the application of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and bio-responsive materials in enhancing ectopic bone formation, providing new perspectives for research in bone tissue engineering and expanding the horizons for innovation and application of biomaterials.