Individualized EEG-Based Neurofeedback Targeting Auditory Steady-State Responses: A Proof-of-Concept Study

Gamma-band (> 30 Hz) brain oscillatory activity is linked with sensory and cognitive processes and exhibits abnormalities in neuropsychiatric disorders. Therefore, neuromodulation techniques targeting gamma activity are being developed. One promising approach is neurofeedback (NFB) which is based on the alteration of brain responses via online feedback. However, the existing gamma-based NFB systems lack individualized approach. In the present work, we developed and tested an individualized EEG-NFB system. 46 healthy volunteers participated in three sessions on separate days. Before NFB training, individual gamma frequency (IGF) was estimated using chirp-modulated auditory stimulation (30-60 Hz). Participants were subjected to IGF-increase (if IGF was <= 45 Hz) or IGF-decrease conditions (if IGF was > 45 Hz). Gamma-band responses were targeted during NFB training, in which participants received auditory steady-state stimulation at frequency slightly above or below IGF and were instructed to try to increase their response while receiving real-time visual feedback. Each time a pre-defined response goal was reached, stimulation frequency was either increased or decreased. After training, IGF was reassessed. Experimental group participants were divided into equal groups based on the median success rate during NFB training. The results showed that high-responders had a significantly higher IGF modulation compared to control group, while low-responders did not differ from controls. No differences in IGF modulation were found between sessions and between NFB repetitions in all participant groups. The initial evaluation of the proposed EEG-NFB system showed potential to modulate IGF. Future studies could investigate longer-lasting electrophysiological and behavioural effects of the application of ASSR/IGF-based NFB system in clinical populations.