Neuroimmune recognition and regulation in therespiratory system

Neuroimmune recognition and regulation in the respiratory system is a complex and highly coordinatedprocess involving interactions between the nervous and immune systems to detect and respond topathogens, pollutants and other potential hazards in the respiratory tract. This interaction helps maintain thehealth and integrity of the respiratory system. Therefore, understanding the complex interactions betweenthe respiratory nervous system and immune system is critical to maintaining lung health and developingtreatments for respiratory diseases. In this review, we summarise the projection distribution of differenttypes of neurons (trigeminal nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, spinal dorsal root nerve,sympathetic nerve) in the respiratory tract. We also introduce several types of cells in the respiratoryepithelium that closely interact with nerves (pulmonary neuroendocrine cells, brush cells, solitarychemosensory cells and tastebuds). These cells are primarily located at key positions in the respiratorytract, where nerves project to them, forming neuroepithelial recognition units, thus enhancing the ability ofneural recognition. Furthermore, we summarise the roles played by these different neurons in sensing orresponding to specific pathogens (influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, respiratorysyncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, herpes viruses, Sendai parainfluenza virus,Mycobacteriumtuberculosis,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Staphylococcus aureus, amoebae), allergens, atmospheric pollutants(smoking, exhaust pollution), and their potential roles in regulating interactions among different pathogens.We also summarise the prospects of bioelectronic medicine as a third therapeutic approach following drugsand surgery, as well as the potential mechanisms of meditation breathing as an adjunct therapy.