The current legal regime of the Indonesian outer small islands

This paper analyzes the legal regime of the outermost small islands in the Indonesian archipelago by examining the legal framework and border management, defense and security issues, and challenges of overlapping authority between government agencies. The results indicate that Indonesia still faces challenges with the implementation of the legal framework. These challenges include undetermined maritime borders with neighbouring countries, threats to maritime security, overlapping law enforcement, weak border management and institutional framework problems in the utilisation of these islands. The solutions proposed by this research include the government reaching an agreement with neighbouring countries due to the threats faced. Then, there is a need for an increased number of patrol fleets and improved capability of Navy personnel in strengthening law enforcement and maritime control. Furthermore, an amendment to the laws and regulations should provide clearer provisions to the Navy and the Coast Guard to improve coordination in law enforcement. Finally, the effectiveness of the National Border Management Agency should be strengthened by equipping it with trained personnel capable of effectively cooperating with border institutions from neighbouring countries. Furthermore, this research suggests that integrated national marine policies and governance should be established to coordinate institutional work in managing these islands effectively.