Aircraft Taxi Path Optimization Considering Environmental Impacts Based on a Bilevel Spatial-Temporal Optimization Model

Aircraft taxiing emissions are the main source of carbon dioxide and other pollutant gas emissions during airport ground operations. It is crucial to optimize aircraft taxiing from both spatial and temporal perspectives to improve airport operation efficiency and reduce aviation emissions. In this paper, a bilevel spatial and temporal optimization model of aircraft taxiing is constructed. The upper-level model optimizes the aircraft taxiing path, and the lower-level model optimizes the taxiing start time of the aircraft. By the iterative optimization of the upper- and lower-level interactions, the aviation fuel consumption, flight waiting time, and number of taxiing conflicts are reduced. To improve the calculation accuracy, the depth-first search algorithm is utilized to generate the set of available paths for aircraft during the model solution process, and a model solution method based on the genetic algorithm is constructed. Simulation experiments using Tianjin Binhai International Airport as the research object show that adopting the waiting taxiing strategy can effectively avoid taxiing conflicts and reduce aviation fuel consumption by 753.18 kg and 188.84 kg compared to the available path sets generated using Dijkstra's algorithm and those created manually based on experience, respectively. Conversely, adopting an immediate taxi-out strategy caused 54 taxiing conflicts and increased aviation fuel consumption by 49.44 kg. These results can provide safe and environmentally friendly taxiing strategies for the sustainable development of the air transportation industry.