The deprivations and inequalities based on settlement typologies and urban form: the case of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

The study differentiated formal and informal settlements based on the slum ontology concept and space syntax analysis, which in turn revealed the pattern of spatial inequalities and deprivations for sustainable planning interventions. The delineated settlement revealed that the informal areas constituted 61% in 2010 and 59% in 2022, while the population living in the informal settlements was 68% and 54% in 2010 and 2020, respectively. The space syntax analysis of the road network for five case study areas revealed that formal settlements have a higher score, indicating a sustainable urban form relative to informal settlement typologies in the inner, intermediate, and periphery. Comparing the three informal settlement typologies, the peri-urban informal settlements are the most unconnected, isolated, and segregated, and they are not resilient to climatic change. The study contributes to monitoring the SDG-11 status regarding the proportion of the population living in informal settlements in Addis Ababa. The study showed that the slum ontology concept and space syntax disaggregate settlement dichotomies and informal settlement typologies based on sustainable urban form and deprivations. The study suggests considering the local contexts of informal settlement typologies and the trends of land consumption per population for smart city planning and climatic change implications.