Lunar Evolution in Light of the Chang'e-5 Returned Samples

The Chinese spacecraft Chang'e-5 (CE-5) landed on the northern Ocean Procellarum and returned 1,731 grams of regolith. The CE-5 regolith is composed mostly of fragments of basalt, impact glass, agglutinates, and mineral fragments. The basalts could be classified as of a low-Ti and highly fractionated type based on their TiO2 content of similar to 5.3 wt% and Mg# of similar to 28. Independent of petrographic texture, the CE-5 basalts have a uniform eruption age of 2,030 +/- 4 Ma, demonstrating that the Moon remained volcanically active until at least similar to 2.0 Ga. Although the CE-5 landing site lies within the so-called Procellarum KREEP [potassium (K), rare earth elements (REE), and phosphorus (P)] Terrane, neither the CE-5 basalts nor the mantle source regions of those basalts were enriched in KREEP components, such as incompatible elements, water, sulfur, or chlorine. Therefore, it would be a new and stimulating task in the future to look for the triggering mechanism of the young volcanism on the Moon. The CE-5 spacecraft returned 1,731 grams of lunar regolith in December 2020. It was the first new lunar sample since the last collection in August 1976. CE-5 regolith is basaltic in chemical composition, with only similar to 1% highland materials of anorthosite, Mg suite, alkali suite, and KREEP. The CE-5 basalt is low Ti and highly differentiated. It was extruded at similar to 2.0 Ga, being the youngest lunar basalt identified so far from the Moon. The triggering mechanism of the similar to 2.0 Ga lunar volcanism is not clearly understood because its mantle source was dry and contained low abundances of KREEP elements.