Performance analysis of lead free organic-inorganic hybrid double perovskites MA2NaBiCl6 based fabricated solar cell device

Perovskite materials hold promise for photovoltaic use due to their high efficiency, low cost, and versatility. However, challenges remain, including stability and environmental impact, but their potential to transform solar energy is significant. Lead-based perovskites have significantly boosted power conversion efficiency in photovoltaics, going from 3.8% to 33.3% in recent years. Lead-based perovskite materials have toxicity and stability issues, including sensitivity to light, heat, and moisture. Researchers are working on addressing these concerns, but they remain challenges for the technology. Therefore, the ongoing research focused on synthesizing lead-free perovskite materials for solar cells applications. We have synthesized MA(2)NaBiCl(6) lead-free halide double perovskites material using one step cost effective hydrothermal method showing suitable tolerance and octahedral factors which signifies the stability of the material. We have fabricated the solar cell device based on as synthesized MA(2)NaBiCl(6) as absorbing layer and Cu2O and ZnO as electron and hole transport layer respectively in the fabricated device. We have made contact of gold for good adhesion and characterize the solar cell device. The short circuit current density (JSC), open circuit voltage (VOC), fill factor (FF) and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the solar cell device is found to be 4.01 mA/cm(2), 0.97 V, 58 and 2.08% respectively. The calculated solar cell performance parameters are excellent in comparison to the reported solar cell device based on double perovskites materials which offers us a promising window for improving the sustainability of photovoltaic technology by addressing environmental and health concerns associated with lead.