The Analysis of Globalization, Hydroelectric Energy, Economic Growth, CO2 Emissions and Ecological Footprint Relationships for the USA: Fractional Fourier ADL Cointegration Method

Environmental problems such as global climate change and global warming pose a great threat to future generations. The USA, which has a very high ecological footprint and carbon emissions, is at the forefront of the countries that pose this threat. In this direction, this study aims to investigate the effects of globalisation, economic growth and hydroelectric energy on carbon emission and ecological footprint in the USA with Fourier ADL cointegration and Fourier Toda-Yamamoto causality tests. According to the findings, there is a negative relationship between electricity generation from hydroelectric sources and CO2 emissions and a positive relationship between per capita GDP and ecological footprint. In addition, unidirectional causality from KOF to CO2, hydroelectric-powered electricity generation, and per capita GDP to ecological footprint are also determined.