Effects of Real-Time Feedback Methods on Static Balance Training in Stroke Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of real-time feedback methods on static balance training in stroke patients. There are two types of real-time feedback methods, as follows: one is Knowledge of Result (KR), and the other is Knowledge of Performance (KP). Method: Thirty stroke patients participated in this study and were randomly assigned to the KR group (n = 15) or the KP group (n = 15). All of the groups underwent real-time feedback training for four weeks (30 min per session, five sessions per week). The primary outcomes were sway length, sway velocity, and area 95%, which were assessed before and after the intervention. The secondary outcomes included the Berg Balance Scale, the Fugl Meyer Assessment for Lower Extremity, the Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Trunk Impairment Scale, and the Fall Efficacy Scale. A group x time interaction was assessed using two-way ANOVA with repeated measures. Result: There was a significant increase over time in all outcomes (p < 0.05). Significant differences were observed for a group x time interaction in sway length and area 95% (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Real-time feedback training for static balance enhanced stroke patients' static balance abilities, clinical outcome assessments, and promoted self-efficacy against falls.