Big data-driven water research towards metaverse

Although big data is publicly available on water quality parameters, virtual simulation has not yet been adequately adapted in environmental chemistry research. Digital twin is different from conventional geospatial modeling approaches and is particularly useful when systematic laboratory/field experiment is not realistic (e.g., climate impact and water-related environmental catastrophe) or difficult to design and monitor in a real time (e.g., pollutant and nutrient cycles in estuaries, soils, and sediments). Data-driven water research could realize early warning and disaster readiness simulations for diverse environmental scenarios, including drinking water contamination. (c) 2024 Hohai University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).