Research on different tillage systems and their role in soil and water conservation in south Asia is reviewed. Tillage has shown marked influence on soil hydraulic characteristics and to some extent on soil chemical and biological properties particularly organic matter cycling. The importance of conservation tillage in reducing runoff, soil loss and in ensuring sustainable agricultural production in the region is emphasized. The role of other tillage practices, for example contour cultivation, contour bunding, terraces and tied ridging, in increasing the profile water storage is discussed.