USE OF DEXAMETHASONE IN BACTERIAL-MENINGITIS IN CHILDREN AND INFANTS

Accumulating evidence tends to demonstrate that inflammatory processes are responsible for neurological damage and sequelae in bacterial meningitis in children and infants. Massive liberation of bacterial cell wall components (Lipopolysaccharide, acid teichoic polymers) induce a cascade of reactions including the secretion of many cytokines (such as TNFalpha and IL-1beta) and prostaglandins (such as PAF and PGE2) which in turn leads to the development of cerebral oedema, intracranial hypertension and cerebral blood flow reduction. Dexamethasone (DXM) is effective at the beginning of the inflammatory cascade and its utilisation in the meningitis experimental model in animals has shown significant reduction in the inflammatory response to bacterial meningitis. The first clinical studies using DXM as an adjunctive therapy to antibiotics have demonstrated its benefical effect in terms of complications and long-term neurological sequelae in Haemophilus influenzae meningitis in children and infants. It seems that a similar effect can be obtained in meningococcal and pneumococcal meningitis. Little information is actually available concerning the use of DXM in penicillin-resistant pneumococcal meningitis. The rare reported cases of ceftriaxone failure with DXM as treatment of penicillin-resistant pneumococcal meningitis had a favorable outcome with the use of vancomycin.