STRESS, ANXIETY, AND DEPRESSION IN-HOSPITAL CONSULTANTS, GENERAL-PRACTITIONERS, AND SENIOR HEALTH-SERVICE MANAGERS

Objective-To study stress, anxiety, and depression in a group of senior health service staff. Design-Postal survey. Subjects-81 hospital consultants, 322 general practitioners, and 121 senior hospital managers (total 524). Main outcome measures-Scores on the general health questionnaire and the hospital anxiety and depression scale. Results-Sixty five (80%) consultants, 257 (80%) general practitioners, and 67 (56%) managers replied. Of all 389 subjects, 183 (47%) scored positively on the general health questionnaire, indicating high levels of stress. From scores on the hospital anxiety and depression scale only 178 (46%) would be regarded as free from anxiety, with 100 (25%) scoring as borderline cases and 111 (29%) likely to be experiencing clinically measurable symptoms. The findings for depression were also of some concern, especially for general practitioners, with 69 (27%) scoring as borderline or Likely to be depressed. General practitioners were more likely to be depressed than managers (69 (27%) v 4 (6%) scored greater than or equal to 8 on hospital anxiety and depression scale-D; P = 0.004) with no significant difference between general practitioners and consultants. General practitioners were significantly more Likely to show suicidal thinking than were consultants (36 (14%) v 3 (5%); P = 0.04) but not managers (9 (13%)). No significant difference could be found between the three groups on any other measure. Conclusions-The levels of stress, anxiety, and depression in senior doctors and managers in the NHS seem to be high and perhaps higher than expected.